Galician: A Guide to Spain’s Other Language

When you think of the languages of Spain, your mind probably jumps straight to Spanish. But the Iberian Peninsula is a vibrant tapestry of tongues, and nestled in the green, rainy corner of the northwest is a linguistic gem: Galician, or as its speakers call it, Galego.

More than just a regional dialect, Galician is a co-official language in the autonomous community of Galicia, spoken by over 2.4 million people. It’s a language with a deep history, a proud literary tradition, and a unique sound that forms a fascinating bridge between its two larger siblings, Spanish and Portuguese. Let’s journey into the world of Spain’s “other” language.

A Shared Cradle: The Divergent Paths of Galician and Portuguese

To understand Galician, you have to travel back to the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Roman province of Gallaecia evolved into a distinct Romance language. For centuries, this language, known today as Galician-Portuguese, was spoken as a single linguistic entity across a vast territory that included modern-day Galicia and northern Portugal.

During the 12th and 14th centuries, Galician-Portuguese experienced a golden age. It became the language of choice for lyric poetry across the Iberian Peninsula, used by troubadours and even kings like Alfonso X of Castile for his famous Cantigas de Santa Maria. It was a language of high culture and literary prestige.

The paths diverged in the late 14th century. As Portugal solidified its independence, its southern dialect evolved into what we now know as modern Portuguese. Meanwhile, Galicia was fully incorporated into the Crown of Castile. The Castilian language (Spanish) was imposed as the language of administration and culture, pushing Galician into a period of decline known as the Séculos Escuros, or “Dark Centuries.” For nearly 300 years, it was largely relegated to a spoken, rural language with almost no literary output.

This began to change in the 19th century with the Rexurdimento (Resurgence), a literary and cultural revival led by pioneering writers like Rosalía de Castro. Her work gave the language a new voice and dignity. Today, thanks to Spain’s transition to democracy, Galician is once again a co-official language, taught in schools, used in media, and proudly displayed on street signs throughout Galicia.

What Does Galician Sound and Look Like?

For a Spanish speaker, hearing Galician for the first time is a curious experience. It sounds familiar yet strangely different, like listening to a half-remembered song. For a Portuguese speaker, it sounds like a charming, archaic version of their own tongue. Let’s break down some key features.

Vocabulary: A Family Resemblance

The core vocabulary is unmistakably Romance, sharing roots with both its neighbors. Some words are identical to Spanish, others to Portuguese, and many are unique to Galician.

English	Galician	Portuguese	Spanish
Day	día	dia	día
Brother	irmán	irmão	hermano
Window	fiestra or xanela	janela	ventana
Rain	choiva	chuva	lluvia
To close	pechar	fechar	cerrar

Phonology and Orthography: The Portuguese Connection

The sounds of Galician often lean more towards Portuguese.

• The “X” and “J” sounds: The Galician ‘x’ is pronounced like the English “sh” (as in show), similar to Portuguese. So, peixe (fish) is pronounced “paysheh.” This is very different from the Spanish ‘x’ or ‘j’ sound.
• Digraphs ‘nh’ and ‘ll’: Galician uses the digraph ‘nh’ for the ñ sound in Spanish (like in viño for wine, cf. Sp. vino). It uses ‘ll’ for a sound similar to the ‘y’ in “yes” (as in fillo for son, cf. Sp. hijo), but it’s important to note the historical Latin ‘ll’ was lost in Spanish (hijo) but preserved in Galician.
• Dialectal Features: Two famous dialectal traits are the gheada and the seseo. The gheada is the pronunciation of the ‘g’ sound as a soft, aspirated ‘h’ (like the ‘h’ in “hello”). The seseo is the merging of the ‘z’/’c’ sound with the ‘s’ sound, exactly like in Latin American Spanish and the Canary Islands. While not part of the official standard, you’ll hear them constantly in conversation.

Grammar: Articles and Contractions

One of the most immediate giveaways that you’re not hearing Spanish is the use of articles and contractions.

• Definite Articles: Like Portuguese, Galician uses o, a, os, as (the masculine, the feminine) instead of Spanish’s el, la, los, las. For example, “the book” is o libro and “the house” is a casa.
• Contractions: Galician, like Portuguese, is full of contractions where prepositions merge with articles. This is a key feature that distinguishes it from Spanish. For example:
  • de + o = do (of the)
  • en + a = na (in the)
  • con + os = cos (with the)

  So, to say “I’m in the house”, you would say Estou na casa.

• The Diminutive: While common in Spanish (-ito/-ita) and Portuguese (-inho/-inha), the Galician diminutive -iño/-iña is a cultural institution. A little bit of coffee is a cafeciño, a short walk is a paseiño, and a kiss is a biquiño. It expresses affection, smallness, and a general sense of coziness that is quintessentially Galician.

Galician Today: A Language of Culture and Identity

Walking through Santiago de Compostela or a small coastal village in Galicia, you’ll see Galician everywhere: on shop signs, in restaurant menus, and in public announcements. It’s the language of regional television (TVG), radio, and newspapers.

Its use is a point of pride and a powerful symbol of Galician identity. For many, speaking Galician is a conscious act of connecting with their heritage and distinguishing their culture from the Castilian-dominated mainstream. Modern music groups, like the internationally acclaimed trio Tanxugueiras, have brought the language to global stages, blending traditional folk sounds with contemporary beats.

Of course, the situation is complex. In cities like Vigo and A Coruña, Spanish is often more dominant in daily conversation, while Galician thrives in rural areas and among older generations. Debates continue about its standardization and promotion in education. But there is no doubt that Galician is a living, evolving language with a passionate community of speakers dedicated to its future.

So, the next time you think of Spain, look beyond the flamenco and bullfights to its rainy, Celtic-tinged northwest. There, you’ll find a language that tells a story of shared history, resilient identity, and the beautiful diversity that makes the Iberian Peninsula so linguistically rich. To know Galician is to understand a crucial piece of the puzzle that connects the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking worlds.