Swahili’s 18 Noun Classes

If you’ve ever studied a Romance language like Spanish or French, you’re familiar with the concept of grammatical gender. A table is feminine (la mesa), a book is masculine (le livre), and you just have to memorize it. But what if a language didn’t stop at two or three genders? What if it sorted every noun—from people and plants to abstract ideas and specific locations—into nearly 20 different categories, each one fundamentally changing the DNA of every sentence?

Welcome to the world of Swahili and its intricate system of noun classes. It’s one of the most defining—and fascinating—features of the Bantu language family. This isn’t just a quirky grammatical feature; it’s a logical, elegant system that weaves a web of connections through every phrase, revealing a unique way of organizing the world.

Beyond “He” and “She”: What Are Noun Classes?

At its core, a noun class system is a method of categorizing nouns. But unlike the often arbitrary-seeming gender in European languages, Bantu noun classes are largely semantic, meaning they are often grouped by meaning or type. You’ll find classes for:

• Human beings
• Trees and plants
• Inanimate objects and tools
• Animals
• Abstract concepts
• Infinitives (actions as nouns)
• Locations

This system is a cornerstone of the Bantu language family, a vast group of over 500 languages spoken across sub-Saharan Africa. While Swahili (or Kiswahili) is perhaps the most famous, this underlying structure is shared by languages like Zulu, Shona, and Luganda. To speak Swahili is to think in these classes.

The Heart of the System: Prefixes and Agreement (Concord)

So how does it work? The magic lies in two key concepts: prefixes and agreement (also known as concord).

Nearly every noun in Swahili has a prefix that signals which class it belongs to. But the real genius is that this prefix doesn’t just stay on the noun. It “echoes” throughout the sentence, attaching to adjectives, possessives, and even verbs that relate to that noun. This creates a beautiful and logical harmony in the sentence.

Let’s see it in action. The word for “chair” is kiti. It belongs to Class 7, which is often for inanimate objects and tools. The prefix for this class is ki-.

Now, let’s build a sentence: “This big chair is broken”.

Kiti hiki kikubwa kimevunjika.

Notice the pattern? The ki- prefix from kiti has spread to the other words:

• Kiti – The chair (Class 7)
• hiki – this
• kikubwa – big
• kimevunjika – it is broken

The entire sentence is held together by the Class 7 concord. Now, what happens if we make it plural? The plural of Class 7 is Class 8, and its prefix is vi-. The word for “chairs” is viti.

The sentence “These big chairs are broken” becomes:

Viti hivi vikubwa vimevunjika.

Just by changing the noun from singular to plural, the prefixes on the demonstrative, the adjective, and the verb all change in harmony. Once you understand this principle of agreement, the entire grammatical system of Swahili begins to click into place.

A Quick Tour of Swahili’s 18 Noun Classes

Scholars traditionally number the Bantu noun classes to allow for comparison between languages. Most are paired up for singular and plural. While memorizing all 18 at once is a task for a dedicated student, seeing them laid out shows the logic behind the categories.

The Main Singular/Plural Pairs:

• Classes 1/2 (M- / Wa-): The “people” class. This is for all human beings.
  • Mtu (Person) / Watu (People)
  • Mtoto (Child) / Watoto (Children)
• Classes 3/4 (M- / Mi-): The “tree” class. This covers many plants, trees, and natural phenomena that are considered “active” in some way, like fire or wind.
  • Mti (Tree) / Miti (Trees)
  • Mto (River) / Mito (Rivers)
• Classes 5/6 (Ji- / Ma-): A very diverse “miscellaneous” class. It includes fruits, body parts that come in pairs, and words that are augmentative (implying largeness). The singular prefix is often absent.
  • Jicho (Eye) / Macho (Eyes)
  • Tunda (Fruit) / Matunda (Fruits)
• Classes 7/8 (Ki- / Vi-): The “thing” or “tool” class. This includes many inanimate objects, diminutives (implying smallness), and languages. The name of the language itself, Kiswahili, is a Class 7 noun!
  • Kisu (Knife) / Visu (Knives)
  • Kikapu (Basket) / Vikapu (Baskets)
• Classes 9/10 (N- / N-): The “animal” class. This is a huge category that includes most animals, many loanwords, and other common nouns. The prefix is often invisible on the noun itself but reappears in the sentence’s agreement. The singular and plural forms of the noun are often identical.
  • Nyumba (House/Houses)
  • Simba (Lion/Lions)

The Other Important Classes:

• Class 11 (U-): Often for long, thin things or abstract nouns. Its plural is usually Class 10.
  • Udevu (A single beard hair) -> Plural: Ndevu (A beard)
• Class 14 (U-): Another abstract noun class, typically with no plural.
  • Uhuru (Freedom)
  • Umoja (Unity)
• Class 15 (Ku-): The class for verb infinitives, allowing you to treat an action as a noun.
  • Kusoma ni muhimu (To read/Reading is important).
• Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-): The locative classes. These are incredible. They don’t categorize the noun itself but rather its location. Pa- refers to a definite place, Ku- to a general area or direction, and Mu- to being inside something.
  • Nyumbani (At the house). The -ni suffix turns “house” into a location. You can then say: Nyumbani panasafishwa. (The place at the house is being cleaned.) The verb agrees with the location, not the house!

More Than Grammar: A Glimpse into a Worldview

Why go to all this trouble? The noun class system is more than just grammatical bookkeeping. It offers a window into how a culture categorizes reality. The existence of distinct classes for people, plants, and man-made objects suggests a worldview where these categories are fundamental.

The system reveals a deep-seated organizational principle. A speaker of a Bantu language is constantly, subconsciously classifying the world in order to speak. The locative classes are particularly revealing, embedding a highly specific understanding of space and place directly into the grammar. The distinction between being at a place, in the vicinity of a place, and inside a place isn’t just a matter of prepositions; it’s a core grammatical function.

For a language learner, the noun class system can seem like a daunting mountain to climb. But it is the key that unlocks the entire language. Mastering it means moving beyond simple vocabulary and beginning to understand the internal logic and rhythm of Swahili. It’s a beautiful, complex, and deeply human way of making sense of the world, one prefix at a time.