You hear it in meetings, on podcasts, and in your own conversations. A speaker is making a point, and then it happens: “We need to, um, re-evaluate the quarterly, like, budget projections.” An internal cringe might follow. For decades, public speaking coaches and grammar purists have waged a war against these “verbal tics,” branding them as signs of nervousness, uncertainty, or a lack of intelligence. But what if we’ve been looking at them all wrong?

What if these seemingly insignificant sounds—the “ums,” “uhs,” “likes,” and their global cousins like the Spanish “pues” or the French “euh”—are not errors at all? Linguistics reveals a far more fascinating story. These are not random stumbles; they are sophisticated and essential tools of human conversation known as discourse markers or filled pauses. They are the subtle gears that keep the complex machine of dialogue running smoothly.

Beyond the Verbal Tic: What Are Filler Words?

First, let’s redefine our terms. While “filler word” is the common phrase, discourse marker is a more accurate description. A discourse marker is a word or phrase that doesn’t add to the literal, dictionary meaning of a sentence but manages its flow and structure. Think of them as conversational signposts.

They signal relationships between parts of a conversation, manage the expectations of the listener, and convey the speaker’s attitude. And they are a universal feature of spoken language. Every language has its own unique set:

• English: um, uh, like, you know, so, well, right
• Spanish: pues, este, o sea (I mean), bueno (well)
• French: euh, ben (well), alors (so), quoi (you know)
• Japanese: あの (ano), えっと (eto)
• German: ähm, also, na ja (well)

Dismissing these as mere “filler” is like dismissing punctuation in writing as “filler.” Just as a comma signals a pause and a question mark changes the entire tone of a sentence, discourse markers provide crucial, unspoken information to the listener.

The Three Hidden Jobs of a Humble “Um”

So, what are these crucial jobs? Linguists have identified several key functions that filled pauses and discourse markers perform, often simultaneously. Let’s break down the three most powerful ones.

1. Holding the Conversational Floor

A conversation is a delicate dance of turn-taking. When you speak, you hold the “floor.” When you finish, you cede the floor to someone else. But what happens when you need a moment to think, but you’re not finished with your point? A silent pause is a risky move. It can be interpreted as an invitation for someone else to jump in.

This is where “um” and “uh” become your best friends. By filling that potential silence with a sound, you are sending a clear, subconscious signal: “I’m still talking. I’m just formulating my next thought. Please wait.” It’s a placeholder, a verbal bookmark that keeps your turn from being snatched away. Research shows that listeners are far less likely to interrupt a speaker during a filled pause than during a silent one.

2. Broadcasting Your Thought Process

Speaking is a complex cognitive task. You are simultaneously accessing vocabulary, constructing grammatical sentences, organizing ideas, and monitoring your listener’s reaction. It’s no wonder you sometimes need a moment to buffer. Filled pauses are the audible evidence of this cognitive workload.

An “um” can signal that you’re searching for a specific word (“I need the… um… Phillips-head screwdriver”). An “uh” might indicate you’re planning a more complex sentence structure. Studies have even shown that listeners benefit from these cues. A well-placed “uh” can prime the listener to expect a new or difficult piece of information, aiding their own comprehension. It’s a cooperative act, a way of telling your conversational partner, “Hang on, my brain is working on something important for you.”

3. The Social Glue: Hedging and Harmony

Not all discourse markers are about pausing. Words like “like” and “you know” perform critical social functions. This is where we move into the realm of phatic communication—speech that is more about maintaining social bonds than conveying information.

Consider the difference:

• “Your argument is flawed.” (Direct, potentially confrontational)
• “It feels, like, your argument might be flawed in this area.” (Softer, less absolute)

Here, “like” acts as a hedge. It softens the assertion, making it feel more like a subjective observation than a harsh judgment. It creates social distance from the statement, which can preserve harmony in a sensitive discussion. Similarly, “you know” is a powerful tool for building rapport. It implicitly invites the listener to agree, suggesting shared knowledge or experience (“It’s so hot today, you know?“).

A World of Fillers: A Cross-Linguistic Peek

This phenomenon is not limited to English. In Spanish, starting a sentence with “Pues…” signals a thoughtful pause, a transition, or a response that isn’t straightforward. It prepares the listener for a considered opinion.

In Japanese culture, where directness can be seen as impolite, fillers like “Ano…” (あの) or “Eto…” (えっと) are indispensable. They are used to soften requests, signal hesitation before asking a potentially inconvenient question, or simply to buy time while thinking. Using them correctly is a sign of social awareness.

These cross-cultural examples prove that filled pauses aren’t a sign of flawed speech; they are a universal and nuanced part of the human communication toolkit.

For the Language Learner: Embrace Your Inner “Este”

For anyone learning a new language, this is a game-changer. Many learners strive for “perfect” speech, meticulously avoiding any hesitation. The result can sound robotic and unnatural. In reality, a major step towards fluency is learning to pause like a native.

Using the target language’s discourse markers correctly has huge benefits:

• It makes you sound more natural. A learner who uses a well-placed “ben alors” in French or “este…” in Spanish while thinking of a word sounds far more fluent than one who just stops talking.
• It helps manage conversations. It prevents native speakers from interrupting you during a natural thought pause.
• It shows cultural understanding. Knowing when to use a hedging term or a polite hesitation marker demonstrates a deeper level of communicative competence.

The key is to listen actively to how native speakers use these words and begin to incorporate them into your own speech. Don’t fear the filler; master it.

The Power of the Pause

So, the next time you catch yourself saying “um” or hear “like” in a conversation, resist the urge to judge. Instead, listen for what’s really being communicated. Are they holding the floor? Are they signaling a complex thought? Are they softening a statement to maintain social harmony?

Far from being a sign of weakness, these words are a testament to the dynamic, cooperative, and incredibly complex nature of human dialogue. You’re not hearing a mistake; you’re hearing a mind at work and a conversation in motion.