Imagine this: you’re a marketing manager for an artisanal food company, launching your all-natural jam in Spain. You proudly run your English slogan, “Our jam is made with no preservatives”, through a top-tier AI translator. Out comes the Spanish text, which you print on thousands of labels. It’s only when you see locals snickering at your product in the supermarket that you learn the horrible truth: you’ve just advertised that your jam is made with “no condoms”.

Welcome to the treacherous, often hilarious world of “false friends”—one of the most persistent and challenging problems in language translation, for both humans and machines. While this particular blunder is less likely with today’s sophisticated AI, it perfectly illustrates the translator’s trap. These deceptive words are a major reason why, despite incredible advances, machine translation can still fail spectacularly. But can the latest generation of AI, like GPT-4 and Google’s LaMDA, finally learn to outsmart them?

What Exactly Are False Friends?

False friends (or faux amis in French, the language that gave us the term) are pairs of words in two different languages that look or sound similar but have significantly different meanings. They are the linguistic equivalent of a mirage, promising a simple, direct translation but leading you astray.

They often arise from a shared linguistic ancestor, typically Latin. Two words might have started with the same root, but their meanings drifted apart over centuries of cultural and linguistic evolution. Here are some classic examples:

• English “sensible” vs. Spanish “sensible”: An English “sensible” person is practical and reasonable. A Spanish “sensible” person is sensitive and emotional. Calling a stoic businessman “muy sensible” in a meeting would be quite confusing.
• English “actually” vs. Italian “attualmente”: If you say “actually”, you mean “in fact” or “in reality”. But the Italian “attualmente” means “currently” or “at the present time”.
• English “library” vs. French “librairie”: If you ask for the “librairie” in Paris, you’ll be directed to a bookshop, not the public library (which is a “bibliothèque”).
• English “gift” vs. German “Gift”: This is perhaps the most infamous. A “gift” in English is a present. In German, “das Gift” means poison. A very important distinction to get right!

The AI’s Dilemma: Context is Everything

For older, statistical machine translation (SMT) systems, false friends were a guaranteed failure. These systems worked by creating massive probability tables, essentially learning that “gift” most often corresponds to “Gift”. They lacked any real understanding of the sentence’s meaning and would fall into the trap nearly every time.

Modern Neural Machine Translation (NMT), the technology behind Google Translate, DeepL, and generative AI models, is a different beast entirely. NMT models are designed to understand context. They analyze the entire sentence—or even surrounding paragraphs—to build a semantic representation of the text. The model doesn’t just swap words; it attempts to decode the meaning in the source language and then encode that meaning in the target language.

In theory, this should solve the false friend problem. In the sentence “I bought a lovely birthday gift for my grandmother”, the context words “bought”, “lovely”, and “birthday” should provide overwhelming evidence that the German translation requires Geschenk (present), not Gift (poison).

And most of the time, it works beautifully. If you ask Google Translate or GPT-4 to translate that sentence, they will get it right 100% of the time. They have been trained on billions of sentences and have learned to recognize these common pitfalls.

Where AI Still Gets Tripped Up

So, is the problem solved? Not quite. While AI can sidestep the most obvious traps, it can still be outsmarted, especially when the context is subtle, ambiguous, or requires a level of inference that is still uniquely human.

Let’s put it to the test. Consider this sentence:

He was arrested for possession of a deadly gift.

A human English speaker immediately understands the wordplay. The word “gift” is being used ironically to mean poison or some other harmful substance. The key contextual clue is “deadly”. Surely, a powerful AI can figure this out, right?

Let’s see. When running this through some of the most popular translation tools into German (as of late 2023), you might get something like this:

Er wurde wegen des Besitzes eines tödlichen Geschenks verhaftet.

This translates back to “He was arrested for possession of a deadly present“. The AI correctly identified “deadly” (tödlichen) but failed to make the inferential leap. It stuck to the most common meaning of “gift”, even though the context screamed for “Gift” (poison). It saw the context but couldn’t connect the dots in a human-like way, resulting in a translation that is grammatically correct but logically absurd.

This happens for a few key reasons:

• Statistical Over-reliance: The model has seen “gift” mean “Geschenk” millions of times more than it has seen it mean “Gift”. It plays the odds, and in this unusual case, the odds are wrong.
• Lack of World Knowledge: The AI doesn’t truly “know” what poison is or how it relates to death and crime. It only knows statistical relationships between words. It hasn’t read Agatha Christie novels and doesn’t understand irony in the same way we do.
• Nuance and Subtlety: Consider the Spanish word asistir. It can mean “to attend” (a meeting) or “to assist” (a person). In the sentence “I will be assisting the conference”, the AI might correctly translate it as “asistiré a la conferencia” (I will attend the conference). But in a more ambiguous sentence, it could easily mix them up.

The Future: Can the Trap Be Avoided?

The teams behind these models are working tirelessly to solve these remaining challenges. The key lies in even larger and more sophisticated models, more diverse training data that includes literary and ironic examples, and better feedback mechanisms.

Techniques like the “attention mechanism” in Transformer models (the ‘T’ in GPT) were specifically designed to help the AI weigh the importance of different context words. Future architectures will likely have even more advanced ways of reasoning about text and incorporating a semblance of real-world knowledge.

For now, however, the false friend remains a powerful reminder of the limits of artificial intelligence. AI translators are phenomenal tools for gist, for casual conversation, and for processing huge volumes of text. They get things right far more often than they get them wrong.

But for anything high-stakes—a legal contract, a life-or-death medical instruction, or even a jam label for a new market—the risk of a subtle, context-based error is still too high. The “translator’s trap” is still armed. And for the time being, the critical thinking, cultural awareness, and inferential power of a professional human translator are the only surefire ways to disarm it.