More Than a Suffix: The World of Clitics
What do 'll in "we'll" and 's in "cat's" have in common? They are clitics—phonologically weak words that can't stand alone and must attach to a host. This post explores…
Syntax
The Double Negatives of Afrikaans
Ever heard an Afrikaans speaker say "Ek praat nie Afrikaans nie" and wondered about that extra "nie"? This seemingly redundant word is actually a grammatical cornerstone known as the double…
The Case of the Missing ‘Is’ in Russian
In Russian, "My brother is a doctor" becomes "Мой брат – врач" (My brother – doctor). This isn't a mistake or slang; it's a fundamental feature of the language rooted…
Forgetting the Subject: The Case of Pro-Drop in Italian
Ever wonder why an Italian speaker says "Vado al cinema" instead of "Io vado al cinema"? This linguistic magic trick is called "pro-drop", a feature where rich verb endings allow…
Why Do Some Languages Use Postpositions?
Ever wondered why Japanese speakers say "box in" instead of "in the box"? This seemingly small difference is no accident; it reveals a deep and consistent pattern in a language's…
Who Did What? Case vs. Word Order
Ever wonder why you can't scramble an English sentence, but you can in languages like Latin or Russian? This analysis dives into the two core strategies languages use to convey…
Building Sentences Backwards: The Verb-Final World
Ever felt like you're waiting for the punchline of a sentence? In languages like Japanese, German, and Hindi, that's the daily reality. We explore the fascinating world of Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)…
The Grammar of Nothing: Null Subjects
Ever wonder why you can say "Piove" in Italian for "It's raining", but "Is raining" is wrong in English? This linguistic puzzle introduces us to the "null subject", a fascinating…
How to Own Without ‘Have’: The Be-Languages
In languages like English, you 'have' a book. But in Russian, Irish, or Turkish, you would say "to me there is a book". This fundamental grammatical difference explores the world…
The Sentence Tree: How AI Parses Grammar
Ever wonder how your smart assistant untangles a complex question or how machine translation works so well? It's not magic; it's grammar. This post delves into syntactic parsing, the process…
The Ghost in the Object: Spain’s Personal ‘a’
Ever wonder why Spanish speakers say "Veo a María" but "Veo la mesa"? This grammatical quirk, known as the "personal a", is more than just a random rule; it's a…
Leísmo, Laísmo, Loísmo: Spain’s Pronoun War
In the world of Spanish grammar, a quiet war rages on. The combatants are three tiny pronouns—le, la, and lo—and the battleground is the very structure of sentences spoken daily…
The Forest for the Trees: Inside Linguistic Treebanks
Ever wonder how your phone understands complex questions? Behind every major advance in AI and search technology is a massive, meticulously crafted dataset called a treebank. This post provides a…
Can a Language Have No Adjectives?
How would you describe a "big red ball" in a language with no words for "big" or "red"? Many languages around the world lack a distinct class of adjectives, instead…
Birdsong Syntax: Are Birds Using Grammar?
We often dismiss birdsong as simple alarms or mating calls, but what if birds are forming simple sentences? Groundbreaking research on species like the Japanese Tit reveals they combine calls…
The Hidden Grammar of Emojis
Far from being simple digital decorations, emojis follow a complex and unwritten grammar that dictates their meaning. The order of emojis can tell a story, their context can completely change…
Parsing the Unparsable: The Dhaasanac Language
Journey to the Omo Valley to meet the Dhaasanac people of Ethiopia, whose language defies easy categorization. Instead of marking nouns for their role, Dhaasanac bundles subject and object markers…
The Syntax of Sheet Music
We often speak of music as a "universal language", but beyond the metaphor lies a tangible, non-verbal writing system of incredible power. This article deciphers sheet music as a linguistic…
The Horse Raced Past the Barn Fell: Parsing Garden-Path Sentences
Read this sentence: "The horse raced past the barn fell." If you had to read it twice, your brain just fell for a classic "garden-path" sentence, a grammatical illusion designed…
Go Buy Bring Come: The Logic of Serial Verbs
In languages from Thailand to Ghana, you can say "go buy bring the book" and be perfectly grammatical. This fascinating feature, known as a serial verb construction, strings verbs together…